Ezéchiel Amani Cirimwami

Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights – DRC v. Rwanda (Application No. 007/2023)
• International Court of Justice – Application of the Genocide Convention (The Gambia v. Myanmar) (Intervening State)
• International Court of Justice – Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change (Advisory Opinion Request)
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea – Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and International Law
• East African Court of Justice – Minister of Justice of the DRC v. Attorney General of Rwanda

Legal Assistant to Counsels 

• International Court of Justice - Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v. Uganda), second phase, Reparations.

Academic experience/Teaching activities 

• 09/2023 – Present Professor of Public International Law, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
• 08/2024 – Present Visiting Professor of International Humanitarian Law, Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium
• 2023 – Present Guest Professor of International Judicial Procedure, Université libre des Pays de Grands Lacs, DR Congo
• 2024 – Present Guest Professor of Procedure before the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, Université Catholique de Bukavu, DR Congo
• 03/2021 – Present Guest Lecturer of Human Rights and Military Operations, Royal Military Academy of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
• 04/2017 – Present Scientific Collaborator at the Charles De Visscher Centre for International and European Law, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
• 09/2019 – 08/2023 Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law, Department of International Law and International Dispute Resolution, Luxembourg, Luxembourg & Associate Editor, Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law.
• 03/2019 - 08/2019 Visiting Scholar, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law

Other teaching activities

• Pedagogical Committee member of the Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (since 2015).
• Judge in the Oral Rounds of the Concours de droit international Charles-Rousseau organised by the Réseau francophone de droit international (since 2021).
• Evaluator of the written submissions (memorial) of the Concours de droit international Charles-Rousseau (since 2021).
• Judge in the Oral Rounds of the BENELUX Jessup International Moot Court in International Law (2021).
• Evaluator of the written submissions (memorial) of the International Criminal Court Moot Court Competition (ICCMC Competition) organised by the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies – Leiden University (since 2021).
• Judge in the written and Oral Rounds of the Great Lakes Regional Moot Court in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (since 2013).
• Charles Rousseau Moot Court Competition in International Law (Academic Tutor, LLM). Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2016.

Activities before International and National Courts and Tribunals 

International Courts and Tribunals

• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Case of Democratic Republic of Congo v. Rwanda, Application n° 007/2023
• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the International Court of Justice, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar: 7 States intervening) (Declaration of Intervention under Article 63 of the ICJ Statute)
• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the International Court of Justice, Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change (Request for Advisory Opinion)
• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea, Request for an Advisory Opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (Request for Advisory Opinion submitted to the Tribunal)
• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the East African Court of Justice, Case of The Minister of Justice of the Democratic Republic of the Congo vs. The Attorney General of the Republic of Rwanda,Interstate Dispute under the East African Community Treaty
• Legal Assistant to Counsels, International Court of Justice, Case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v. Uganda), 2nd phase.
• 07/2023 – 8/2023: Visiting Scholar, African Court on Human and Peoples Rights, Arusha, Tanzania

National Courts and Tribunals

• 08/ 2023 – Present Magistrate – Public Prosecutor, Public Prosecutor's Office attached to the High Court,Democratic Republic of the Congo (on leave for academic purposes).
• 05/2016 – 08/2023 Magistrate - High Court Judge, Democratic Republic of Congo.
• 07/2010 - 04/2016 Magistrate - Deputy Public Prosecutor, Public Prosecutor's Office attached to the High Court, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Diplomatic Activities/Treaty Negotiations

• 05/2023 Plenipotentiary Delegate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the Ljubljana Diplomatic negotiations that led to the adoption of the Ljubljana-The Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and Other International Crimes (MLA Convention), Ljubljana – Slovenia
• Member of the Legal Drafting Committee of the MLA Convention appointed by the Ljubljana Diplomatic Conference, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Legal advice and expertise

• 03/2025 – Present Senior Expert, International Justice Taskforce (TFJI), Ministry of Justice and Attorney General of the Democratic Republic of Congo
• 11/2024 – Present Senior Expert, Presidential Commission on Congolese Genocide ( DRC)

Consultancy

• June- August 2025 Senior Legal Expert, Investigation and Analysis of Massive Crimes and Genocide committed in the DRC, Fonds National des Réparations des Victimes des Violences Sexuelles liés aux Conflits et des Victimes des Crimes contre la paix et la sécurité de l'humanité (FONAREV).
• 2003 – Present Human Rights Law Expert for preparing a VVLIR-UOS-funded project (REINFORCE project).
• February- July 2018, Short-term Consultancy, Human Rights-Based Approach to Development, Belgian Development Agency - ENABEL.

Editorship

• Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law – Associate Editor
• The Military Law and the Law of War Review – Peer Reviewer
• African Human Rights Yearbook – Peer Reviewer
• Revue Québécoise de droit international – Peer Reviewer

Volunteering

• May 2025 - Present: Deputy President of the French Network of International Law (Réseau francophonne de droit international) in charge of Research.
• 2014 - 2023: Country Director, Initiatives for Peace and Human Rights (iPeace)

Books

Monography

• L’obligation d’extrader ou de poursuivre les auteurs des crimes internationaux : combler les lacunes du droit conventionnel (Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2025)

International Journal Articles

• ‘Environmental Obligations of Business Entities in Armed Conflicts, International Review of the Red Cross, 2024, 1-31, [with Benjamin Traôré].
• ‘Prosecuting Rape as a War Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Challenges and Lessons learned from Military Tribunals’ (2021) 59(1) The Military Law and the Law of War Review 44 [with Pacifique Muhindo].
• ‘Fashioning Rights in the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights: Understanding the Proceduralization of Substantive Rights’ (2020) 4 African Human Rights Yearbook 1.
• « Le Système africain de protection des droits de l'homme et le droit international humanitaire » (2018) 2 Annuaire Africain des Droits de l'Homme 1 [with Junior Mumbala, A.].
• “Does the United Nations Convention Against Torture Oblige States Parties to Criminalise Torture in their Domestic Laws?” (2019), Harvard International Law Journal .
• ‘The (Un)Willingness to Implement the Recommendations of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights: Revisiting the Endorois and Mamboleo decisions’ (2018) 2 African Human Rights Yearbook 400 [with Inman, D., Smis, S. and Bahati Bahalaokwibuye, C.].
• « Repenser la création fragmentée des juridictions pénales internationalisées en Afrique au profit de la Cour africaine de justice, des droits de l'homme et des peuples » (2017) 1 Revue Belge de Droit International 313 [with Stefaan Smis].
• « Le régime des obligations positives de prévenir et de poursuivre à défaut d'extrader ou de remettre prévues dans le texte des projets d'articles sur les crimes contre l'humanité provisoirement adoptés par la Commission du droit international » (2017) 30(1) Revue québécoise de droit international 1 [with Stefaan Smis].

Chapters

• “The Proceduralisation of Substantive Rights: African Human Rights System”, in H. Ruiz Fabri, E. Stopioni, O. Baillet (eds), Human Rights and Procedure: Perspectives in International Law (Hart, Forthcoming ).
• « À propos de quelques développements récents en droit international pénal. Notes cursives sur le projet de convention sur la prévention et la répression des crimes contre l'humanité », in Segihobe, J.P. et Mingashang, I. (dir.), Le droit pénal entre douleur et enchantement dans le contexte contemporain. Liber amicorum doyen Raphaël Nyabirungu, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2021, pp. 803-866.
• « La justiciabilité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels dans la jurisprudence congolaise », in Muhindo Madadju, P. et Cifende, M. (dir.), Normativité et pratiques juridictionnelles : la mise en œuvre des droits de l'homme en R.D. Congo. Liber amicorum Bâtonnier Thomas Lwango Kanshavu, Paris, Le Harmattan, 2022, Tome I, pp. 315-336.
• ‘In Search of an Inclusive Democracy for Indigenous Peoples in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Expropriation, Expulsion, and the Emergence of Free, Prior and Informed Consent’, in Romola Adeola (ed.), Human Rights Protections and Democratic Legitimacy in Post-Colonial Africa (Palgrave MacMillan, [forthcoming, 2025]) (with Derek M.K. Inman).

Encyclopedic Entries

• “Individual Complaint: African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACtHPR), in Ruiz Fabri, H. (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (Oxford University Press) [forthcoming, 2025].
• “Trial: International Criminal Courts and Tribunals”, in Ruiz Fabri, H. (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (Oxford University Press) [forthcoming, 2025].
• “The Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic: Procedural Aspects”, in Ruiz Fabri, H. (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (Oxford University Press, 2022).

International Law Blogs

• ‘Symposium on Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance: Critical Reflections – The Aut Dedere Aut Judicare Obligation’ (OpinioJuiris, 31 July 2023).
• [with Bruno Biazatti] ‘The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance: Was the Gap Closed?’, (EJIL: Talk!, Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 12 June 2023).
• States of Justice Symposium: What If We Took the ‘Unwilling or Unable’ Seriously?’, Symposium on Oumar Ba’s new book States of Justice: The Politics of International Criminal Court (OpinioJuris, 19 August 2020).
• [with Tetevi Davi] “Another One Bites the Dust: Côte d’Ivoire to End Individual and NGO Access to the African Court” (EJIL: Talk!, Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 19 May 2020).
• (with Jakjimovska Viktorija), ‘Protecting the Environment in Non-International Armed Conflicts: Are We There Yet?’ (EJIL: Talk!, Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 16 July 2019).

Technical Reports - Human Rights-Based Approach to Development

• 'Report on Integrating a Human Rights-based Approach into Belgium’s Support Programme for community policing in Burkina Faso', Report presented to ENABEL - Belgian Cooperation Agency, 6 June 2018.
• 'Report on Integrating a Human Rights-Based Approach in Belgium’s Support Programme for strengthening sexual and Reproductive Rights in Burkina Faso', Report presented to ENABEL - Belgian Cooperation Agency, 6 June 2018.
• 'Report on Integrating a human rights-based approach in Belgium’s strategic plan for developing inclusive and sustainable entrepreneurship in Burkina Faso', Report presented to ENABEL - Belgian Cooperation Agency, 6 June 2018.
• 'Report on Integrating a human rights-based approach in Belgium’s support programme to promote training, studies and expertise in Burkina Faso', Report presented to ENABEL - Belgian Cooperation Agency, 6 June 2018.

• [co-organising] ‘Navigating the Legal and Ethical Challenges of Drones, Cyber Warfare, and Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflict’, Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Strathmore University, Nairobi, 25 – 30 August 2025.
• ‘Applying the Laws of War to Digital Battlefields. State Responsibility and Attribution Challenges’, 10th edition of Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Conference on Navigating the Legal and Ethical Challenges of Drones, Cyber Warfare, and Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflict’, Nairobi, 2025.
• [co-organising] ‘Evacuation of Civilians in Armed Conflicts’, Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Kigali, 11 – 16 November 2024
• ‘New International Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition: What Perspective for preventing and punishing international crimes in Africa?’, 10th Forum of the African Union International Law Commission, African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, 20-21 May 2024.
• ‘New International Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition: what perspective?’, Conference on Combating Impunity for International Crimes: The EU’s Response to the War in Ukraine and Beyond, Université libre de Bruxelles, 19 March 2024.
• ‘A Major Development to End Impunity for Mass Atrocities: The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of the Crime of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and other International Crimes’, Conference organised by Cardozo Law School in New York and the American Branch of the International Law Association (ABILA), 15 November 2023.
• ‘Recent Development in International Criminal Law: The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance', Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Kigali, 10 October 2023.
• 'The ILC Draft Principles on Protection of the Environment in Armed Conflict’, Armed Conflicts and Preservation of the Biodiversity in the Great Lakes Region: Assessment and Prospects, Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Kigali, 9 October 2023.
• ‘The Proceduralisation of Substantive Rights: African Human Rights System’, Conference on Human Rights and Procedure: Perspectives of International Law, Max Planck Institute, Luxembourg, 6-7 July 2023.
• ‘The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of the Crime of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and other International Crimes’, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law, Luxembourg, 7 June 2023.
• 'The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute those accused of Committing International Crimes: Filling Gaps in Treaty Law’, Max Planck Institute, Luxembourg, 11 January 2023.
• ‘The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute for International Crimes under Customary International Law. Demystifying the Myth of Jus Cogens Norms, L&C Talks, VUB, Brussels, 16 December 2022.
• ‘Prosecuting Rape as War Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: lessons and challenges learned from military tribunals’, 22nd Congress of the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War, Florence, Italy, 10-14 May 2022
• ‘Fashioning Rights in the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights’, ITLOS/NIPPON Foundation Training Seminar, Max Planck Institute, Luxembourg, 22 April 2022.
• ‘Shaping the Future of Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: The Curious Sword Function of Human Rights’, Annual Max Planck Law Conference, Berlin, 25-27 October 2021.
• ‘Child Soldiers in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court’, Conference on Child Soldiers and the Consideration of Local Issues in International Jurisprudence, University of Geneva, 13 October 2021.
• ‘Human Rights and Military Operations’, at the 2nd ICRC conference on Respecting and Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law, 11 June 2021.
• ‘La compétence des États et le jugement des terroristes’, 17th Annual Colloquium of the Réseau francophone de droit international, 10 May 2021.
• ‘The Shaping Effect of Procedure at the International Criminal Court (ICC)’, a masterclass on ‘What is procedural law? The Power of Procedure’, Max Planck Law Network, 15 January 2021.
• ‘The Shaping Effect of Procedure at the International Criminal Court (ICC)’, 2020-2021 ITLOS/NIPPON Foundation Training Seminar, 17 February 2021.
• ‘Guillaume Soro v Côte d’Ivoire: Order for Interim Measures (ACtHPR, 22 April 2020)’, Rapid Reaction Seminar, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law, 22 May 2020.
• ‘La portée de l’obligation de poursuivre le génocide en droit international: Apport de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme’, International Colloquium on the Crime of Genocide in the Light of the Jurisprudence of International and National Courts: from the International Military Tribunal (IMT) of Nuremberg to the International Criminal Court (ICC), Université Catholique de Lyon, November 7, 2019.
• ‘The Draft Articles on Crimes Against Humanity adopted by the International Law Commission’ (Le Midi of the Centre for International and European Law (CeDie), Louvain-la-Neuve, 22 January 2019).
• ‘Clarifying the Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction’, (54th edition of the UNOG-ODG International Law Seminar, Geneva, 19 July 2018).
• ‘The ILC Draft Articles on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity: The Obligation to Prevent’ (VUB L&C TALKS, Brussels, 12 May 2017).
• The ILC Draft Articles on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity: the obligation to prosecute or extradite’ (VUB L&C TALK, Brussels, 28 April 2017).
• [Co-organiser] ‘70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: What to celebrate today?’ (Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in international humanitarian law and human rights, Kigali, 10 December 2018).
• [Co-organiser] ‘Maintaining the Rule of Law in Emergency and Armed Conflict situations’ (Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in international humanitarian law and human rights, Kigali, 12 December 2017).
• [co-organising] ‘The Future of International Crime’s Prosecution in Africa’ (Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Kigali, 15 December 2016).

• Professor of Public International Law – Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium (September 2023 – Present)
• Visiting Professor of International Humanitarian Law – Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium (August 2024 – Present)
• Guest Lecturer of Human Rights and Military Operations – Royal Military Academy of Belgium, Brussels (March 2021 – Present)
• Guest Professor of International Judicial Procedure – Université libre des Pays des Grands Lacs, DRC (2023 – Present)
• Guest Professor of Procedure before the ICJ and ICC – Université catholique de Bukavu, DRC (2024 – Present)
• Senior Expert – International Justice Taskforce (TFJI), Ministry of Justice and Attorney General of the DRC (March 2025 – Present)
• Senior Expert – Presidential Commission on the Congolese Genocide, DRC Government (November 2024 – Present)
• Magistrate – Public Prosecutor (on academic leave) – Public Prosecutor’s Office attached to the High Court, DRC (August 2023 – Present)

Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights – DRC v. Rwanda (Application No. 007/2023)
• International Court of Justice – Application of the Genocide Convention (The Gambia v. Myanmar) (Intervening State)
• International Court of Justice – Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change (Advisory Opinion Request)
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea – Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and International Law
• East African Court of Justice – Minister of Justice of the DRC v. Attorney General of Rwanda

Legal Assistant to Counsels 

• International Court of Justice - Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v. Uganda), second phase, Reparations.

Academic experience/Teaching activities 

• 09/2023 – Present Professor of Public International Law, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
• 08/2024 – Present Visiting Professor of International Humanitarian Law, Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium
• 2023 – Present Guest Professor of International Judicial Procedure, Université libre des Pays de Grands Lacs, DR Congo
• 2024 – Present Guest Professor of Procedure before the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, Université Catholique de Bukavu, DR Congo
• 03/2021 – Present Guest Lecturer of Human Rights and Military Operations, Royal Military Academy of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
• 04/2017 – Present Scientific Collaborator at the Charles De Visscher Centre for International and European Law, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
• 09/2019 – 08/2023 Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law, Department of International Law and International Dispute Resolution, Luxembourg, Luxembourg & Associate Editor, Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law.
• 03/2019 - 08/2019 Visiting Scholar, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law

Other teaching activities

• Pedagogical Committee member of the Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (since 2015).
• Judge in the Oral Rounds of the Concours de droit international Charles-Rousseau organised by the Réseau francophone de droit international (since 2021).
• Evaluator of the written submissions (memorial) of the Concours de droit international Charles-Rousseau (since 2021).
• Judge in the Oral Rounds of the BENELUX Jessup International Moot Court in International Law (2021).
• Evaluator of the written submissions (memorial) of the International Criminal Court Moot Court Competition (ICCMC Competition) organised by the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies – Leiden University (since 2021).
• Judge in the written and Oral Rounds of the Great Lakes Regional Moot Court in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (since 2013).
• Charles Rousseau Moot Court Competition in International Law (Academic Tutor, LLM). Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2016.

Activities before International and National Courts and Tribunals 

International Courts and Tribunals

• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Case of Democratic Republic of Congo v. Rwanda, Application n° 007/2023
• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the International Court of Justice, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar: 7 States intervening) (Declaration of Intervention under Article 63 of the ICJ Statute)
• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the International Court of Justice, Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change (Request for Advisory Opinion)
• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea, Request for an Advisory Opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (Request for Advisory Opinion submitted to the Tribunal)
• Counsel for the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the East African Court of Justice, Case of The Minister of Justice of the Democratic Republic of the Congo vs. The Attorney General of the Republic of Rwanda,Interstate Dispute under the East African Community Treaty
• Legal Assistant to Counsels, International Court of Justice, Case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v. Uganda), 2nd phase.
• 07/2023 – 8/2023: Visiting Scholar, African Court on Human and Peoples Rights, Arusha, Tanzania

National Courts and Tribunals

• 08/ 2023 – Present Magistrate – Public Prosecutor, Public Prosecutor's Office attached to the High Court,Democratic Republic of the Congo (on leave for academic purposes).
• 05/2016 – 08/2023 Magistrate - High Court Judge, Democratic Republic of Congo.
• 07/2010 - 04/2016 Magistrate - Deputy Public Prosecutor, Public Prosecutor's Office attached to the High Court, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Diplomatic Activities/Treaty Negotiations

• 05/2023 Plenipotentiary Delegate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the Ljubljana Diplomatic negotiations that led to the adoption of the Ljubljana-The Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and Other International Crimes (MLA Convention), Ljubljana – Slovenia
• Member of the Legal Drafting Committee of the MLA Convention appointed by the Ljubljana Diplomatic Conference, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Legal advice and expertise

• 03/2025 – Present Senior Expert, International Justice Taskforce (TFJI), Ministry of Justice and Attorney General of the Democratic Republic of Congo
• 11/2024 – Present Senior Expert, Presidential Commission on Congolese Genocide ( DRC)

Consultancy

• June- August 2025 Senior Legal Expert, Investigation and Analysis of Massive Crimes and Genocide committed in the DRC, Fonds National des Réparations des Victimes des Violences Sexuelles liés aux Conflits et des Victimes des Crimes contre la paix et la sécurité de l'humanité (FONAREV).
• 2003 – Present Human Rights Law Expert for preparing a VVLIR-UOS-funded project (REINFORCE project).
• February- July 2018, Short-term Consultancy, Human Rights-Based Approach to Development, Belgian Development Agency - ENABEL.

Editorship

• Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law – Associate Editor
• The Military Law and the Law of War Review – Peer Reviewer
• African Human Rights Yearbook – Peer Reviewer
• Revue Québécoise de droit international – Peer Reviewer

Volunteering

• May 2025 - Present: Deputy President of the French Network of International Law (Réseau francophonne de droit international) in charge of Research.
• 2014 - 2023: Country Director, Initiatives for Peace and Human Rights (iPeace)

Books

Monography

• L’obligation d’extrader ou de poursuivre les auteurs des crimes internationaux : combler les lacunes du droit conventionnel (Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2025)

International Journal Articles

• ‘Environmental Obligations of Business Entities in Armed Conflicts, International Review of the Red Cross, 2024, 1-31, [with Benjamin Traôré].
• ‘Prosecuting Rape as a War Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Challenges and Lessons learned from Military Tribunals’ (2021) 59(1) The Military Law and the Law of War Review 44 [with Pacifique Muhindo].
• ‘Fashioning Rights in the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights: Understanding the Proceduralization of Substantive Rights’ (2020) 4 African Human Rights Yearbook 1.
• « Le Système africain de protection des droits de l'homme et le droit international humanitaire » (2018) 2 Annuaire Africain des Droits de l'Homme 1 [with Junior Mumbala, A.].
• “Does the United Nations Convention Against Torture Oblige States Parties to Criminalise Torture in their Domestic Laws?” (2019), Harvard International Law Journal .
• ‘The (Un)Willingness to Implement the Recommendations of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights: Revisiting the Endorois and Mamboleo decisions’ (2018) 2 African Human Rights Yearbook 400 [with Inman, D., Smis, S. and Bahati Bahalaokwibuye, C.].
• « Repenser la création fragmentée des juridictions pénales internationalisées en Afrique au profit de la Cour africaine de justice, des droits de l'homme et des peuples » (2017) 1 Revue Belge de Droit International 313 [with Stefaan Smis].
• « Le régime des obligations positives de prévenir et de poursuivre à défaut d'extrader ou de remettre prévues dans le texte des projets d'articles sur les crimes contre l'humanité provisoirement adoptés par la Commission du droit international » (2017) 30(1) Revue québécoise de droit international 1 [with Stefaan Smis].

Chapters

• “The Proceduralisation of Substantive Rights: African Human Rights System”, in H. Ruiz Fabri, E. Stopioni, O. Baillet (eds), Human Rights and Procedure: Perspectives in International Law (Hart, Forthcoming ).
• « À propos de quelques développements récents en droit international pénal. Notes cursives sur le projet de convention sur la prévention et la répression des crimes contre l'humanité », in Segihobe, J.P. et Mingashang, I. (dir.), Le droit pénal entre douleur et enchantement dans le contexte contemporain. Liber amicorum doyen Raphaël Nyabirungu, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2021, pp. 803-866.
• « La justiciabilité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels dans la jurisprudence congolaise », in Muhindo Madadju, P. et Cifende, M. (dir.), Normativité et pratiques juridictionnelles : la mise en œuvre des droits de l'homme en R.D. Congo. Liber amicorum Bâtonnier Thomas Lwango Kanshavu, Paris, Le Harmattan, 2022, Tome I, pp. 315-336.
• ‘In Search of an Inclusive Democracy for Indigenous Peoples in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Expropriation, Expulsion, and the Emergence of Free, Prior and Informed Consent’, in Romola Adeola (ed.), Human Rights Protections and Democratic Legitimacy in Post-Colonial Africa (Palgrave MacMillan, [forthcoming, 2025]) (with Derek M.K. Inman).

Encyclopedic Entries

• “Individual Complaint: African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACtHPR), in Ruiz Fabri, H. (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (Oxford University Press) [forthcoming, 2025].
• “Trial: International Criminal Courts and Tribunals”, in Ruiz Fabri, H. (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (Oxford University Press) [forthcoming, 2025].
• “The Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic: Procedural Aspects”, in Ruiz Fabri, H. (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (Oxford University Press, 2022).

International Law Blogs

• ‘Symposium on Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance: Critical Reflections – The Aut Dedere Aut Judicare Obligation’ (OpinioJuiris, 31 July 2023).
• [with Bruno Biazatti] ‘The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance: Was the Gap Closed?’, (EJIL: Talk!, Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 12 June 2023).
• States of Justice Symposium: What If We Took the ‘Unwilling or Unable’ Seriously?’, Symposium on Oumar Ba’s new book States of Justice: The Politics of International Criminal Court (OpinioJuris, 19 August 2020).
• [with Tetevi Davi] “Another One Bites the Dust: Côte d’Ivoire to End Individual and NGO Access to the African Court” (EJIL: Talk!, Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 19 May 2020).
• (with Jakjimovska Viktorija), ‘Protecting the Environment in Non-International Armed Conflicts: Are We There Yet?’ (EJIL: Talk!, Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 16 July 2019).

Technical Reports - Human Rights-Based Approach to Development

• 'Report on Integrating a Human Rights-based Approach into Belgium’s Support Programme for community policing in Burkina Faso', Report presented to ENABEL - Belgian Cooperation Agency, 6 June 2018.
• 'Report on Integrating a Human Rights-Based Approach in Belgium’s Support Programme for strengthening sexual and Reproductive Rights in Burkina Faso', Report presented to ENABEL - Belgian Cooperation Agency, 6 June 2018.
• 'Report on Integrating a human rights-based approach in Belgium’s strategic plan for developing inclusive and sustainable entrepreneurship in Burkina Faso', Report presented to ENABEL - Belgian Cooperation Agency, 6 June 2018.
• 'Report on Integrating a human rights-based approach in Belgium’s support programme to promote training, studies and expertise in Burkina Faso', Report presented to ENABEL - Belgian Cooperation Agency, 6 June 2018.

• [co-organising] ‘Navigating the Legal and Ethical Challenges of Drones, Cyber Warfare, and Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflict’, Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Strathmore University, Nairobi, 25 – 30 August 2025.
• ‘Applying the Laws of War to Digital Battlefields. State Responsibility and Attribution Challenges’, 10th edition of Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Conference on Navigating the Legal and Ethical Challenges of Drones, Cyber Warfare, and Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflict’, Nairobi, 2025.
• [co-organising] ‘Evacuation of Civilians in Armed Conflicts’, Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Kigali, 11 – 16 November 2024
• ‘New International Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition: What Perspective for preventing and punishing international crimes in Africa?’, 10th Forum of the African Union International Law Commission, African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, 20-21 May 2024.
• ‘New International Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition: what perspective?’, Conference on Combating Impunity for International Crimes: The EU’s Response to the War in Ukraine and Beyond, Université libre de Bruxelles, 19 March 2024.
• ‘A Major Development to End Impunity for Mass Atrocities: The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of the Crime of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and other International Crimes’, Conference organised by Cardozo Law School in New York and the American Branch of the International Law Association (ABILA), 15 November 2023.
• ‘Recent Development in International Criminal Law: The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance', Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Kigali, 10 October 2023.
• 'The ILC Draft Principles on Protection of the Environment in Armed Conflict’, Armed Conflicts and Preservation of the Biodiversity in the Great Lakes Region: Assessment and Prospects, Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Kigali, 9 October 2023.
• ‘The Proceduralisation of Substantive Rights: African Human Rights System’, Conference on Human Rights and Procedure: Perspectives of International Law, Max Planck Institute, Luxembourg, 6-7 July 2023.
• ‘The Ljubljana – The Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of the Crime of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and other International Crimes’, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law, Luxembourg, 7 June 2023.
• 'The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute those accused of Committing International Crimes: Filling Gaps in Treaty Law’, Max Planck Institute, Luxembourg, 11 January 2023.
• ‘The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute for International Crimes under Customary International Law. Demystifying the Myth of Jus Cogens Norms, L&C Talks, VUB, Brussels, 16 December 2022.
• ‘Prosecuting Rape as War Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: lessons and challenges learned from military tribunals’, 22nd Congress of the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War, Florence, Italy, 10-14 May 2022
• ‘Fashioning Rights in the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights’, ITLOS/NIPPON Foundation Training Seminar, Max Planck Institute, Luxembourg, 22 April 2022.
• ‘Shaping the Future of Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: The Curious Sword Function of Human Rights’, Annual Max Planck Law Conference, Berlin, 25-27 October 2021.
• ‘Child Soldiers in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court’, Conference on Child Soldiers and the Consideration of Local Issues in International Jurisprudence, University of Geneva, 13 October 2021.
• ‘Human Rights and Military Operations’, at the 2nd ICRC conference on Respecting and Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law, 11 June 2021.
• ‘La compétence des États et le jugement des terroristes’, 17th Annual Colloquium of the Réseau francophone de droit international, 10 May 2021.
• ‘The Shaping Effect of Procedure at the International Criminal Court (ICC)’, a masterclass on ‘What is procedural law? The Power of Procedure’, Max Planck Law Network, 15 January 2021.
• ‘The Shaping Effect of Procedure at the International Criminal Court (ICC)’, 2020-2021 ITLOS/NIPPON Foundation Training Seminar, 17 February 2021.
• ‘Guillaume Soro v Côte d’Ivoire: Order for Interim Measures (ACtHPR, 22 April 2020)’, Rapid Reaction Seminar, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law, 22 May 2020.
• ‘La portée de l’obligation de poursuivre le génocide en droit international: Apport de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme’, International Colloquium on the Crime of Genocide in the Light of the Jurisprudence of International and National Courts: from the International Military Tribunal (IMT) of Nuremberg to the International Criminal Court (ICC), Université Catholique de Lyon, November 7, 2019.
• ‘The Draft Articles on Crimes Against Humanity adopted by the International Law Commission’ (Le Midi of the Centre for International and European Law (CeDie), Louvain-la-Neuve, 22 January 2019).
• ‘Clarifying the Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction’, (54th edition of the UNOG-ODG International Law Seminar, Geneva, 19 July 2018).
• ‘The ILC Draft Articles on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity: The Obligation to Prevent’ (VUB L&C TALKS, Brussels, 12 May 2017).
• The ILC Draft Articles on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity: the obligation to prosecute or extradite’ (VUB L&C TALK, Brussels, 28 April 2017).
• [Co-organiser] ‘70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: What to celebrate today?’ (Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in international humanitarian law and human rights, Kigali, 10 December 2018).
• [Co-organiser] ‘Maintaining the Rule of Law in Emergency and Armed Conflict situations’ (Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in international humanitarian law and human rights, Kigali, 12 December 2017).
• [co-organising] ‘The Future of International Crime’s Prosecution in Africa’ (Great Lakes Regional Training Programme in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Kigali, 15 December 2016).